Why Bentup bars (Crank) are provided in beams ?
Bent up bars or cranks are provided in the beams or slab to resist the hogging and sagging Bending moments and also used to resist Shear forces which are greater at supports .
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Topographic plans, Drawing Sheets.
TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS AROUNDS CEDAR HEIGHT RESORTS (H.P) DURING SURVEY CAMP 2017- TOPOGRAPHIC VIEW (Ref. Google Map) PLANE TABLE SURVEY SHEET
Direct Contouring, method of Contour Surveying.
Direct Contouring Surveying :- It consists in finding vertical and horizontal controls of the points which lie on the selected contour line. For vertical control levelling instrument is commonly used. A level is set on a commanding position in the area after taking fly levels from the nearby bench mark. The plane of collimation/height of instrument is found and the required staff reading for a contour line is calculated. Procedure of Contouring :- 1. B.M (RL) + B.S = H.I 2. H.I - F.S = R.L (of that point where staff is held) Where, B.M = Bench mark B.S = Back site reading H.I = Height of Instrument F.S = Fore site reading R .L = Reduced level Fig. 1 Example :- Temporary B.M = 7.34 M B.M (R.L) + B.S = H.I, However, H.I = 7.34 + 1.241= 8.581 M And, H.I - F.S = R.L R.L¹ = 8.581 - 0.625 = 7.956 M R.L² = 8.581- 0.581 = 8.0 M R.L³ = 8.581 - 0.543 = 8.038 M ... Etc